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Because the faces are different, you train one decoder to recover the first person’s face, and another decoder to recover the second person’s face. A second AI algorithm called a decoder is then taught to recover the faces from the compressed images. The encoder finds and learns similarities between the two faces, and reduces them to their shared common features, compressing the images in the process. First, you run thousands of face shots of the two people through an AI algorithm called an encoder. It takes a few steps to make a face-swap video. The videos swapped the faces of celebrities – Gal Gadot, Taylor Swift, Scarlett Johansson and others – on to porn performers. But deepfakes themselves were born in 2017 when a Reddit user of the same name posted doctored porn clips on the site. University researchers and special effects studios have long pushed the boundaries of what’s possible with video and image manipulation. Photograph: The Washington Post via Getty Images How are they made? Similar scams have reportedly used recorded WhatsApp voice messages.Ī comparison of an original and deepfake video of Facebook chief executive Mark Zuckerberg. The company’s insurers believe the voice was a deepfake, but the evidence is unclear. Last March, the chief of a UK subsidiary of a German energy firm paid nearly £200,000 into a Hungarian bank account after being phoned by a fraudster who mimicked the German CEO’s voice. Another LinkedIn fake, “Katie Jones”, claimed to work at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, but is thought to be a deepfake created for a foreign spying operation.Īudio can be deepfaked too, to create “ voice skins” or ” voice clones” of public figures. A non-existent Bloomberg journalist, “Maisy Kinsley”, who had a profile on LinkedIn and Twitter, was probably a deepfake. Deepfake technology can create convincing but entirely fictional photos from scratch.

As Danielle Citron, a professor of law at Boston University, puts it: “Deepfake technology is being weaponised against women.” Beyond the porn there’s plenty of spoof, satire and mischief.

As new techniques allow unskilled people to make deepfakes with a handful of photos, fake videos are likely to spread beyond the celebrity world to fuel revenge porn. A staggering 96% were pornographic and 99% of those mapped faces from female celebrities on to porn stars. The AI firm Deeptrace found 15,000 deepfake videos online in September 2019, a near doubling over nine months.